Hemp cultivation is a thriving agricultural sector across Europe. Over recent years, the land dedicated to hemp farming for fiber production has expanded significantly within the EU, increasing from 20,540 hectares (ha) in 2015 to 33,020 ha in 2022 — a growth of 60%. During the same period, hemp production surged from 97,130 tonnes to 179,020 tonnes, reflecting an 84.3% increase. France leads EU hemp production, contributing over 60%, followed by Germany (17%) and The Netherlands (5%).

Hemp and the European Green Deal

Hemp cultivation supports several key objectives of the European Green Deal due to its numerous environmental benefits:

• Carbon Sequestration: One hectare of hemp absorbs 9 to 15 tonnes of CO2, comparable to the capacity of a young forest, but hemp achieves this in just five months.
• Crop Rotation Benefits: When used in crop rotation, hemp disrupts disease cycles and suppresses weed growth through its rapid growth and shading capabilities.
• Soil Erosion Prevention: Hemp's dense foliage acts as a natural ground cover, minimizing water loss and protecting against soil erosion. The plant provides ground coverage within three weeks of germination.
• Biodiversity Support: Hemp’s flowering period (July to September) coincides with low pollen availability from other crops. It produces abundant pollen, provides shelter for birds, and its seeds serve as a food source for various animals.
• Reduced Need for Pesticides: Hemp is naturally resistant to many pests, often eliminating the need for insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides.

Definition and Legal Provisions

Hemp (Cannabis sativa Linn) is a member of the Cannabaceae family characterized by its low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels, as defined under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Hemp grown in compliance with CAP provisions is used for industrial purposes and cannot produce narcotic drugs due to its minimal THC content.

Key legal requirements include:

• THC Limitations: Raw hemp (CN code 5302 10) must not exceed 0.3% THC.
• Seed Regulations: Hemp seeds for sowing must be accompanied by proof that their THC content does not exceed 0.3%, while non-sowing seeds may only be imported under specific EU country authorizations, requiring proof that they are unfit for sowing.
• National Restrictions: EU countries may implement stricter rules in alignment with EU treaties and international obligations.

Hemp cultivation within the EU not only aligns with environmental goals but also offers economic opportunities under a robust regulatory framework.